Once cooled to the original temperature, the tensile stress zones in the weld and the near-weld zone throughout the joint area reach equilibrium with the compressive stress zones in the base metal, thereby generating the weld residual stresses inherent to the structure itself. 2) The effect of welding heat input: Generally speaking, when the heat input is high,

Welding deformation control methods are diverse and can be applied flexibly in different situations. Due to the complexity of the welding process and the ever-changing morphology of steel structures, the search for efficient control methods has always been the focus of research in the field of structural steel welding.

Once cooled to the original temperature, the tensile stress zones in the weld and the near-weld zone throughout the joint area reach equilibrium with the compressive stress zones in the base metal, thereby generating the weld residual stresses inherent to the structure itself. 2) The effect of welding heat input: Generally speaking, when the heat input is high,