The rapid development of technologies such as aerospace, microelectronics and biomedicine has led to an ever-increasing demand for precision and ultra-precision micro-scale components with intricate structures (ranging from the micrometre to the millimetre scale), such as micro-laser gyroscopes, microsatellite components and micro-medical devices.

The rapid development of technologies such as aerospace, microelectronics and biomedicine has led to an ever-increasing demand for precision and ultra-precision micro-scale components with intricate structures (ranging from the micrometre to the millimetre scale), such as micro-laser gyroscopes, microsatellite components and micro-medical devices.